Although the requested cuts are not likely to pass, the proposal would return the responsibility of both these efforts back to state-level and local entities. However, without a federal agency tasked with holding states accountable, many goals may not be met. In the Chesapeake Bay, states have proved in the past they were not able to reach cleanup goals by themselves without federal intervention.
The Chesapeake Bay watershed’s wide reach
More than 150 major rivers and streams flow into America’s largest estuary with a watershed extending from Virginia into southern New York and throughout six Mid-Atlantic states. More than 17 million people live in the 64,000-square-mile bay watershed. All precipitation and runoff from this watershed drains into the Chesapeake Bay and onward to the Atlantic Ocean.
Sediment and nutrients from agricultural areas leach into local tributaries and flow downstream.
N.Y.
50 MILES
N.J.
PENN.
MD.
W. VA
DE.
VIRGINIA
Stormwater runoff from urban areas can send trash, oil, gasoline, and other surface pollutants into waterways.
Sediment and nutrients from agricultural areas leach into local tributaries and flow downstream.
NEW JERSEY
Philadelphia
DELAWARE
MARYLAND
Norfolk
Baltimore
Harrisburg
D.C.
Richmond
PENNSYLVANIA
NEW
YORK
WEST
VIRGINIA
VIRGINIA
The watershed extends into parts of six states, from Virginia to New York. It captures most of the water that falls east of the Appalachian Mountains in the Mid-Atlantic region.
50 MILES
Stormwater runoff from urban areas can send trash, oil, gasoline, and other surface pollutants into waterways.
NEW JERSEY
Philadelphia
Allentown
Wilmington
DELAWARE
Scranton
MARYLAND
Binghamton
Sediment and nutrients from agricultural areas leach into local tributaries and flow downstream.
Norfolk
Baltimore
Harrisburg
D.C.
Frederick
Richmond
Stormwater runoff from urban areas can send trash, oil, gasoline, and other surface pollutants into waterways.
PENNSYLVANIA
NEW
YORK
VIRGINIA
WEST
VIRGINIA
The watershed extends into parts of six states, from Virginia to New York. It captures most of the water that falls east of the Appalachian Mountains in the Mid-Atlantic region.
Pittsburgh
50 MILES
NEW JERSEY
Philadelphia
Allentown
Wilmington
DELAWARE
Scranton
MARYLAND
Binghamton
Sediment and nutrients from agricultural areas leach into local tributaries and flow downstream.
Norfolk
Baltimore
Harrisburg
D.C.
Frederick
Stormwater runoff from urban areas can send trash, oil, gasoline, and other surface pollutants into waterways.
Richmond
PENNSYLVANIA
NEW
YORK
VIRGINIA
WEST
VIRGINIA
The watershed extends into parts of six states, from Virginia to New York. It captures most of the water that falls east of the Appalachian Mountains in the Mid-Atlantic region.
Pittsburgh
50 MILES
NEW JERSEY
Philadelphia
Allentown
Wilmington
DELAWARE
Scranton
Binghamton
MARYLAND
Sediment and nutrients from agricultural areas leach into local tributaries and flow downstream.
Norfolk
Baltimore
Harrisburg
D.C.
Frederick
Stormwater runoff from urban areas can send trash, oil, gasoline, and other surface pollutants into waterways.
Richmond
PENNSYLVANIA
NEW
YORK
VIRGINIA
WEST
VIRGINIA
The watershed extends into parts of six states, from Virginia to New York. It captures most of the water that falls east of the Appalachian Mountains in the Mid-Atlantic region.
Pittsburgh
50 MILES
The Chesapeake is an economic powerhouse, serving as a major link in the intracoastal waterway as well as supporting a robust fishing industry famous for its blue crabs and oysters. It’s also a major draw for tourism, attracting boaters, outdoor enthusiasts and sport fishermen.
The bay has recently found itself struggling to coexist with the population centers and agricultural hubs that are within its watershed. Through efforts by the EPA and other organizations, the bay has started to rebound and is the healthiest it’s been in years, according to the Chesapeake Bay Foundation.
In 2014, the six governors of the watershed states and the mayor of the District of Columbia signed an agreement along with the administrator of the EPA to set goals and track the progress of the bay’s restoration. This agreement holds several states accountable and allows collaboration across state lines.
One part of the agreement is maintaining healthy blue crab populations and restoring oyster populations and habitat. The agreement establishes a target to maintain 215 million female blue crabs in the bay and has facilitated an annual gathering of the various federal and local jurisdictions. If the population fell near or below the established threshold of 70 million, it would prompt management action from the jurisdictions.
Population for spawning-age
female crabs
Chesapeake Bay
Watershed agreement
signed in 2014
Target:
215 million
194m
117m
Threshold: 70 million
2016
1990
Chesapeake Bay
Watershed agreement
signed in 2014
Population for spawning-age female crabs
Target: 215 million
194m
117m
Threshold: 70 million
1990
2016
“If we’re just talking about blue crabs among the [local jurisdictions], we’re sort of only talking about what they can do, and what they can do is control harvest,” said Bruce Vogt, a manager of National Oceanic & Atmospheric Association’s Chesapeake Bay Office and coordinator for the Chesapeake Bay program’s sustainable fisheries goal implementation team. “What the partnership in the bay program provides that’s valuable is, we’re able to say we think these other factors – habitat, water quality – are also important.”
But the bay’s health is still not perfect. In 2010, the EPA established total maximum daily loads of nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment in the bay, providing a goal for each of the jurisdictions to work toward to decrease the levels of these pollutants. Without the EPA to hold local governments accountable, water pollutants could go unchecked.
The EPA has set goals of implementing strategies by 2025 to reduce nitrogen by 25 percent and phosphorus by 24 percent. While most areas in the Chesapeake Bay watershed have improved to reduce these pollutants, many have yet to meet these goals.
Increase in levels
Decrease in levels
Already met EPA goal
Percent change in total nitrogen
(from 2005-2014)
N.Y.
PA.
-30%
MD.
W.VA.
DEL.
D.C.
VA.
+49%
NORTH
100 MILES
Percent change in total
phosphorus
(from 2005-2014)
N.Y.
PA.
MD.
+44%
DEL.
W.VA.
D.C.
VA.
-53%
The EPA has set goals of implementing strategies by 2025 to reduce nitrogen by
25 percent and phosphorus by 24 percent. While most areas in the Chesapeake Bay
watershed have improved to reduce these pollutants, many have yet to meet these goals.
Increase in levels
Decrease in levels
Already met EPA goal
Percent change in total nitrogen
Percent change in total phosphorus
(from 2005-2014)
(from 2005-2014)
N.Y.
N.Y.
PA.
PA.
-30%
MD.
MD.
+44%
W.VA.
W.VA.
DEL.
DEL.
D.C.
D.C.
VA.
VA.
-53%
+49%
NORTH
100 MILES
The EPA has set goals of implementing strategies by 2025 to reduce nitrogen by 25 percent and phosphorus by 24 percent.
While most areas in the Chesapeake Bay watershed have improved to reduce these pollutants, many have yet to meet these goals.
Percent change in total nitrogen
Percent change in total phosphorus
(from 2005-2014)
(from 2005-2014)
Increase in levels
Decrease in levels
Already met EPA goal
N.Y.
N.Y.
PA.
PA.
-40%
-30%
-28%
+44%
MD.
MD.
-27%
-30%
-44%
W.VA.
W.VA.
DEL.
D.C.
DEL.
D.C.
-53%
VA.
VA.
+49%
NORTH
100 MILES
The EPA limits set a goal of implementing strategies by 2025 to decrease nitrogen and phosphorus levels, with acknowledgement that the actual reduction process may take longer. According to data from the United States Geological Survey, although most jurisdiction areas have improved their pollutant levels since 2005 and some have met the goals, the majority of them have not yet reached them.
In addition to nutrient pollution, sediment that is washed into rivers that feed the bay also cause problems. The fine, silty dust covers underwater grasses, harming an important part of the ecosystem. Part of the cleanup plan across the watershed states is to reduce runoff from farms and municipalities by upgrading dated sewer infrastructure.
Massive rainfall in Pennsylvania from Tropical Storm Lee in Sept. 2011 caused sediment to rush over the Conowingo Dam and into the bay.
PA.
Conowingo Dam—
MD.
WEST
VIRGINIA
Baltimore
D.C.
VA.
Harrisburg
Massive rainfall in Pennsylvania from Tropical Storm Lee in Sept. 2011 caused sediment to rush over the Conowingo Dam and into the bay.
PENNSYLVANIA
Conowingo Dam—
MARYLAND
Baltimore
D.C.
VIRGINIA
DELAWARE
Richmond
Atlantic
Ocean
The Conowingo Dam, on the Susquehanna River in Maryland, is ground zero for the sediment problem in the bay. Over the years, sediment has accumulated behind the dam, filling it to the point where it can hold no more. When major storms bring heavy rain, tons of sediment is washed into the bay. After particularly heavy rains associated with Tropical Storm Lee, in 2011, the sediment plume was visible from space. It’s not uncommon for some parts of the bay to be shut down after storms because of the increased levels of pollution. When this happens, fishing, boating, tourism and recreation all suffer.
Working across state and country borders by the Great Lakes
Trump’s budget proposal also cuts the EPA’s Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, which was launched in 2010 to protect and restore the lakes. The Great Lakes region stretches across eights states and affects more than 30 million people in the United States and Canada. The lakes hold 84 percent of all surface freshwater in North America. Efforts to restore the lakes also represent a diplomatic collaboration via the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the two nations. With the EPA spearheading U.S. activities, the agreement was first introduced in 1972 and was updated most recently in 2012.
The EPA has defined 43 areas of concern within the United States and Canada, which require special attention to return to an acceptable level of health. Three in the U.S. and four in Canada have been restored to acceptable levels through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative.
CANADA
ONTARIO
WISC.
NEW
YORK
MICH.
PENN.
OHIO
100 MILES
Nutrients from agriculture flow into Lake Erie, causing algae blooms.
The EPA has defined 43 areas of concern within the United States and Canada, which require special attention to return to an acceptable level of health. Three in the U.S. and four in Canada have been restored to acceptable levels through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative.
Because the lakes were created by glaciers about 14,000 years ago, they do not have traditional watershed with tributaries. Instead, the Great Lakes basin collects water that falls within the immediate area.
ONTARIO
Toronto
Saginaw
MICH.
NEW
YORK
WISC.
Detroit
Chicago
Toledo
Cleveland
PENN.
100 MILES
OHIO
Nutrients from agriculture flow into Lake Erie, causing algae blooms.
CANADA
Because the lakes were created by glaciers about 14,000 years ago, they do not have traditional watershed with tributaries. Instead, the Great Lakes basin collects water that falls within the immediate area.
ONTARIO
The EPA has defined 43 areas of concern within the United States and Canada, which require special attention to return to an acceptable level of health. Three in the U.S. and four in Canada have been restored to acceptable levels through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative.
Deer Lake
Sault Ste. Marie
Traverse City
Green Bay
WISC.
Toronto
Oswego River
White Lake
Saginaw
Syracuse
MIlwaukee
Rochester
NEW
YORK
MICH.
Buffalo
Detroit
Presque Isle Bay
Erie
Chicago
Toledo
Cleveland
Nutrients from agriculture flow into Lake Erie, causing algae blooms.
ILL.
PENNSYLVANIA
100 MILES
OHIO
CANADA
Because the lakes were created by glaciers about 14,000 years ago, they do not have traditional watershed with tributaries. Instead, the Great Lakes basin collects water that falls within the immediate area.
ONTARIO
Deer Lake
The EPA has defined 43 areas of concern within the United States and Canada, which require special attention to return to an acceptable level of health. Three in the U.S. and four in Canada have been restored to acceptable levels through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative.
Sault Ste. Marie
Traverse City
Green Bay
WISCONSIN
Toronto
Oswego River
White Lake
Saginaw
Syracuse
MIlwaukee
Rochester
Madison
MICHIGAN
NEW
YORK
Buffalo
Grand Rapids
Detroit
Presque Isle Bay
Erie
Chicago
Toledo
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
Cleveland
Nutrients from agriculture flow into Lake Erie, causing algae blooms.
PENNSYLVANIA
100 MILES
OHIO
Pittsburgh
CANADA
Because the lakes were created by glaciers about 14,000 years ago, they do not have traditional watershed with tributaries. Instead, the Great Lakes basin collects water that falls within the immediate area.
ONTARIO
Deer Lake
Sault Ste. Marie
The EPA has defined 43 areas of concern within the United States and Canada, which require special attention to return to an acceptable level of health. Three in the U.S. and four in Canada have been restored to acceptable levels through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative.
Traverse City
Green Bay
WISCONSIN
Toronto
Oswego River
White Lake
Saginaw
Syracuse
MIlwaukee
Rochester
Madison
MICHIGAN
NEW
YORK
Buffalo
Grand Rapids
Detroit
Presque Isle Bay
Erie
Chicago
Toledo
INDIANA
Cleveland
ILLINOIS
PENNSYLVANIA
Nutrients from agriculture flow into Lake Erie, causing algae blooms.
100 MILES
OHIO
Pittsburgh
The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1987 identified 43 geographic areas of concern: 26 in the U.S., 12 in Canada and five shared between the two countries. These were locations suffering environmental degradation as a result of human activity. In 2012, the updated agreement reaffirmed these areas and the effort to restore them.
Since being identified, four areas in the U.S. and three areas in Canada have been removed from the list because they have been restored. Two of the recovered U.S. sites received nearly $13 million total funding from the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative.
Restoration of White Lake, Mich., an area of concern delisted in 2014, spurred new real estate development, said Richard Hobrla, head of the Great Lakes Coordination Program within the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality.
“If [the budget] went through as it’s proposed, it would be fairly catastrophic,” Hobrla said. Although he expects some funding cuts, Hobrla doesn’t think the GLRI will be completely shut down. “There’s just too much support for the EPA and for the program and for the general goals of clean water and clean air.”
Nevertheless, some areas could be heavily affected if funding stopped. Torch Lake, Mich., on the shore of Lake Superior, is one example of a trouble spot that needs more work, according to Hobrla, who speculates that a loss of funding from GLRI would mean it might never get cleaned up. For similar areas of concern that have not significantly improved, Hobrla thinks it’s unlikely there would be state funding to support these initiatives if federal funding were to be drained.
A 2011 study by the University of Michigan found that more than 1.5 million jobs are directly connected to the lakes, generating $62 billion in wages annually. The Rust Belt states that border the Great Lakes rely on them for shipping and transporting manufacturing goods. But the lakes’ impact on the region extends beyond the factories. According to the Brookings Institution, every dollar spent on the GLRI will bring in $2 of long-term economic gains.
Direct economic benefits of
specific improvements
$2 TO $3 BILLION
Water-based
recreation
Reducing beach closures due
to untreated or undertreated
human and industrial waste
$1.1 TO $5.8 BILLION
Recreational and
commercial fishing
Bolstering the health and
abundance of commercial
and sport fisheries
$100 TO $200 MILLION
Birds, birding, and wildlife
tourism and recreation
Restoring habitats, increasing
tourism related to
wildlife recreation
Direct economic benefits of specific improvements
$2 TO $3 BILLION
$1.1 TO $5.8 BILLION
$100 TO $200 MILLION
Water-based
recreation
Recreational and
commercial fishing
Birds, birding, and wildlife
tourism and recreation
Reducing beach closures due
to untreated or undertreated
human and industrial waste
Bolstering the health and
abundance of commercial
and sport fisheries
Restoring habitats, increasing
tourism related to
wildlife recreation
Among other things, the EPA fights the spread of invasive species within the lakes. These non-native animals out-compete native species and disrupt the ecological balance of the lakes. Many, like the Asian carp, have voracious appetites and no natural predators in the ecosystem.
Asian carp
Zebra mussel
Note: Each dot represents one sighting in the
USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species
database and varies in count of animals
sighted.
Asian carp
Zebra mussel
Note: Each dot represents one sighting in the USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species database and
varies in count of animals sighted.
Asian carp
Zebra mussel
ND
ND
MN
MN
WI
WI
SD
SD
MI
MI
IA
PA
IA
PA
NE
NE
OH
OH
IN
IN
IL
IL
WV
WV
KS
KS
KY
KY
MO
MO
TN
TN
OK
OK
AR
AR
MS
AL
MS
AL
LA
LA
TX
TX
Note: Each dot represents one sighting in the USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species database and varies in count of animals sighted.
The EPA has been fighting a number of invasive species over the years. Some have already infiltrated the lakes. It’s estimated that aquatic invasive species cost the region $100 million a year.
Asian carp were introduced into Arkansas lakes in the 1970s and have been spotted as close as six miles from the lakes in the Chicago River. When startled, the fish—which can grow to be up to 50 pounds—have been known to leap out of the water, high into the air. This behavior can be dangerous, risking the safety of recreational boaters and property.
Another invasive species, the zebra mussel, attach themselves to surfaces and can cause problems when they block intake pipelines. They also attach themselves to docks, buoys and the lake bed. Their sharp shells have led to beach closings to protect swimmers, which hurts local tourism.
July to Sept. 2015
MICH.
Detroit
Lake Erie
Erie
—Algae
Toledo
PENN.
Cleveland
OHIO
Buffalo
Lake Erie algae bloom
July to September 2015
MICHIGAN
CANADA
Detroit
Lake Erie
Erie
—Algae bloom
Toledo
PENNSYLVANIA
Cleveland
___________________
50 MILES
OHIO
Buffalo
Lake Erie algae bloom
July to September 2015
MICHIGAN
CANADA
Detroit
Lake Erie
Erie
—Algae bloom
Toledo
PENNSYLVANIA
Cleveland
___________________
50 MILES
OHIO
The EPA is also responsible for monitoring the water quality of the lakes. When bacteria is high, local areas might close swimming at beaches. A major problem for the lakes is phosphorous pollution and associated algae blooms, which can deplete oxygen. Low oxygen levels can kill fish, putting vital fisheries at risk.
In addition to funding, the EPA provides research that helps local jurisdictions make decisions as well as coordination to hold them accountable. While Trump’s proposed cuts may not pass, a significant reduction in the EPA’s budget may have wide-ranging effects.
More stories
What Trump cut in his budget
To fund increases in defense spending and a border wall, Trump proposed cuts across departments
40 years of budgets show shifting national priorities
See how President Trump's budget stacks up against its predecessors
Six maps that show the anatomy of America’s vast infrastructure
A look at the United States’ bridges, electrical grid, pipelines, railroads, airports and waterways
The United States of oil and gas
President Donald Trump said he plans to double down on oil and gas exploration. Here is the state of the petroleum extraction industry that the new administration will inherit.